Isidore of Seville, Sentences, 2.31- On Oaths

Isidore of Seville, Sententiae, 2.31- On Oaths

Written c. 620 CE.

Source: Isidore of Seville, Sententiae. ACW 73. Trans.: T.L. Knoebel. Newman Press, New York, 2018.

31. Swearing an Oath

31.1 Just as the one who does not speak is not able to lie, so also the one who does not desire to take an oath cannot commit perjury. Therefore taking an oath is to be avoided, nor employed by one except when necessary.

31.2 To take an oath is not against a precept of God, but when we make use of swearing an oath, we come upon the crime of perjury. Therefore let no one take an oath who fears to commit perjury.

31.3 Many people, when they speak, delight always in swearing when only this should be on their lips: "'Yes, Yes' or 'No, No'; anything more than this comes from the evil one" (Matt 5:37).

31.4 Many people commit perjury so that they may deceive, so that through confidence in the sign, they may produce confidence in the word, and so by deceiving, when they commit perjury and lie, they deceive the unwary person.

31.5 Sometimes we are also deceived, mislead by fake tears, and since they are crying, belief is given to those to whom credence should not be given.

31.6 Generally we are determined to speak without making an oath, but we are compelled to make an oath by the incredulity of those people who do not belive what we are saying, and thus we adopt the custom of swearing because of this kind of necessity.

31.7 There are many who are slow to believe, who are not moved to have confidence in that which is said. However, those who force people who are speaking to them to take an oath are gravely at fault.

31.8. No matter by what cunning form of speech anyone may swear, God, who is the witness of our conscience, grasps it since he understands what the one who swears is intending. So the person becomes guilty in a twofold manner who takes the name of God in vain, and captures his neighbor by deceit.

31.9 One's bond should not be kept by which one carelessly promises an evil thing, as for example, if anyone promises an adulteress a perpetual commitment to remain with her. It is more tolerable not to maintain one's bond than it is to remain in the shameful crime of defilement.

31.10 God's oath is his providence that has determined not break his statutes. God's repentance, however is an alteration of things; the fact that he has not repented, however , means that he has not broken his statutes, as is this statement: "The LORD has sworn and will not change his mind" (Ps 110:4), that is, what he has sworn he has not changed.

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Source: PL 83:633-634 [Translation mine, first draft]

31. Concerning Oaths

1. Just as a man who does not speak cannot lie, he who does not swear cannot swear falsely. So beware of swearing, it is not to be used, except for necessity.

2. It is not against the commandment of God to swear, but when we make use of swearing, we leave ourselves open to a charge of perjury. Therefore; never swear, for fear of perjury.

3. Many people, when they speak, always swear with delight, while only these ought to be on the tongue: "Yes, yes. No, no." For more than; "yes", and "no", is from the evil one. (Mt. 5:37)

4. Many, in order to deceive, perjure themselves, so that through faith in the oath, they authorize the deceptive words; when they perjure and lie, they deceive an incautious man.

5. Sometime we are deceived, being seduced by false tears: and we believe, while they weep, those who ought not to be believed at all.

6. Mostly we take ourselves to talk without an oath, but one's disbelief forces us to swear. When such necessity arises, we make usage of swearing.

7. Many who are not moved to put trust in a statement are slow to believe. But they who compel those speaking to them to swear commit a great offence.

8. By whatever artful word a man swears, God, who witnesses the conscience, receives it as it is understood by the one to whom it is sworn. This man is twice guilty: first by taking the Lord's name in vain and second by deceiving his neighbour.

9. An oath which recklessly promised evil, is not to be kept, as if one should swear to an adulteress a promise to remain with her forever. For it is more tolerable to not fulfill an oath, than to remain forever defiled from a shameful crime.

10. God's swearing is that providence whereby He establishes not to overturn what He has established. God's repentance, on the other hand, is a change of things, whereas not repenting is not revoking what He has established, as in: "The Lord has sworn, and He will not repent," i. e., what He has sworn He will not change.

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CAPUT XXXI. De iuramento.

1. Sicut mentiri non potest qui non loquitur, sic periurare non poterit qui iurare non appetit. Cavenda est igitur iuratio, nec ea utendum, nisi in sola necessitate.

2. Non est contra Dei praeceptum iurare, sed dum usum iurandi facimus, periurii crimen incurrimus. Nunquam ergo iuret qui periurare timet.

3. Multi, dum loquuntur, iurare semper delectantur, dum oporteat hoc tantum esse in ore: Est, est. Non, non. Amplius enim quam est, et non est, a malo est (Matth. V, 37).

4. Multi, ut fallant, periurant, ut per fidem sacramenti fidem faciant verbi sicque fallendo, dum periurant et mentiuntur, hominem incautum decipiunt.

5. Interdum et falsis lacrymis seducti decipimur, et creditur, dum plorant, quibus credendum non erat.

6. Plerumque sine iuramento loqui disponimus, sed incredulitate eorum qui non credunt quod dicimus iurare compellimur, talique necessitate iurandi consuetudinem facimus.

7. Sunt multi ad credendum pigri, qui non moventur ad fidem verbi. Graviter autem delinquunt qui sibi loquentes iurare cogunt.

8. Quacunque arte verborum quisque iuret, Deus tamen, qui conscientiae testis est, ita hoc accipit, sicut ille cui iuratur intelligit. Dupliciter autem reus fit qui et Dei nomen in vanum assumit, et proximum dolo capit.

9. Non est conservandum sacramentum quo malum incaute promittitur, veluti si quispiam adulterae perpetuo cum ea permanendi fidem polliceatur. Tolerabilius est enim non implere sacramentum quam permanere in stupri flagitio.

10. Iurare Dei est illa providentia, qua statuit non convellere statuta. Poenitentia autem Dei rerum mutatio est; non poenitere autem, statuta non revocare, ut illud: Iuravit Dominus, et non poenitebit eum (Psal. CIX, 4) , id est, quae iuravit non mutabit.

Theodoros Daphnopates, Eclogues from the Homilies of John Chrysostom, Eclogue 28 - De Iuramentis

Theodoros Daphnopates, Eclogues from the Homilies of John Chrysostom, Eclogue 28 - De Iuramentis

Compiled from Chrysostom's homilies by Theodoros Daphnopates (c. 960 CE)

Source: PG 63: 771-778

ΛΟΓΟΣ ΚΗʹ. Περὶ ὅρκων.

Μὴ τῆς κατὰ ψυχὴν ἀρετῆς ἀμελῶμεν, ἀγαπητοί. Ποία γὰρ ὀδύνη, εἰπέ μοι, ὀργὴν ἀφεῖναι τῷ λελυπηκότι; ὀδύνη μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ μνησικακεῖν καὶ μὴ καταλλάττεσθαι. Ποῖος πόνος μὴ κακῶς εἰπεῖν μηδένα; ποία δυσκολία ἀπαλλαγῆναι φθόνου καὶ ἔριδος καὶ βασκανίας; ποῖος μόχθος ἀγαπᾷν τὸν πλησίον; ποῖος κάματος μὴ ὀμνύναι; Πολλάκις γὰρ ὑπὸ θυμοῦ καὶ ὀργῆς κατεχόμενοι διωμοσάμεθα μηδέποτε διαλλάττεσθαι τοῖς λελυπηκόσιν, εἶτα τῆς ὀργῆς σβεσθείσης βουληθέντες καταλλαγῆναι, ὑπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης τῶν ὅρκων ὥσπερ τινὶ παγίδι κατεχόμενοι, τοῦτο ποιῆσαι οὐ βουλόμεθα· ὡς δυοῖν θάτερον πάθοιμεν, ἢ καταλλαγέντες ἐπιορκήσομεν, ἢ μὴ καταλλαγέντες τοῖς τῆς μνησικακίας ἐπιτιμίοις ὑπευθύνους ἑαυτοὺς καταστήσομεν. Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄτοπον, ἱμάτιον μὲν ἔχοντες τῶν λοιπῶν βέλτιον, μὴ ἀνέχεσθαι συνεχῶς αὐτῷ καταχρᾶσθαι, τὸ δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ ὄνομα πανταχοῦ περισύρειν ἁπλῶς καὶ ὡς ἔτυχεν; Οὐ γὰρ δὴ πᾶν ἁμάρτημα τὴν αὐτὴν φέρει κόλασιν, ἀλλὰ τὰ εὐκατόρθωτα μείζονα ἡμῖν ἐπάγει τὴν τιμωρίαν· οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ὀμνύοντες ἔχουσί τινα πρόφασιν προβαλέσθαι. ἀλλὰ καταφρόνησιν μόνον. Καὶ οἶδα μὲν ὅτι ἐπαχθὴς εἶναι δοκῶ λοιπὸν καὶ φορτικὸς τῇ συνεχείᾳ τῆς παραινέσεως δοκῶν ἐνοχλεῖν· ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ ἀφίσταμαι, ἵνα κἂν τὴν ἀναισχυντίαν αἰδεσθέντες τὴν ἐμὴν, ἀποστῆτε τῆς πονηρᾶς τῶν ὅρκων συνηθείας. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ δικαστὴς ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἀπηνὴς καὶ ὠμὸς, χήρας ἐνόχλησιν αἰδεσθεὶς, τὸν τρόπον μετέβαλε, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὑμεῖς τοῦτο ἐργάσεσθε· καὶ μάλιστα, ὅταν ὁ παρακαλῶν ὑμᾶς μὴ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τῆς ὑμετέρας σωτηρίας τοῦτο ποιοῖτο Μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὑπὲρ ἐμαυ τοῦ οὐκ ἂν ἀρνησαίμην τοῦτο ποιεῖν· τὰ γὰρ ὑμέτερα ἀγαθὰ ἐμαυτοῦ νομίζω εἶναι κατορθώματα. Εἰ γὰρ μηδὲ γέεννα ἦν μηδὲ κόλασις, ἐγὼ δὲ προσελθὼν ὑμῖν τοῦτο ἐν χάριτος ᾐτησάμην μέρει, ἆρα οὐκ ἂν ἐπενεύσατε; οὐκ ἂν ἐδώκατε τὴν αἴτησιν οὕτω κούφην οὕτως αἰτοῦντι χάριν; ὅταν δὲ ὁ Θεὸς αὐτὴν αἰτῶν ᾖ δι' ὑμᾶς τοὺς διδόντας, οὐ δι' ἑαυτὸν λαμβάνοντα, τίς οὕτως ἀγνώμων, τίς οὕτως ἄθλιος καὶ ταλαίπωρος, ὡς Θεῷ χάριν αἰτοῦντι μὴ δοῦναι; Παρακαλῶ οὖν ὑμᾶς, τὴν κεφαλὴν Ἰωάννου λαβόντας ἀποτετμημένην, καὶ θερμοῦ τοῦ αἵματος ἔτι ἀποστάζουσαν, οὕτως ἀπελθεῖν οἴκαδε ἕκαστον, καὶ νομίζειν πρὸ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ὁρᾷν αὐτὴν, φωνὴν ἀφιεῖσαν καὶ λέγουσαν, Μισήσατε τὸν ἐμοῦ σφαγέα, τὸν ὅρκον. Πολλάκις γὰρ τεχνίτης διωμόσατο τῷ μαθητῇ, μὴ πρότερον αὐτὸν ἀφήσειν φαγεῖν καὶ πιεῖν, ἕως τὸ δοθὲν ἔργον ἅπαν ἀνύσει. Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ παιδαγωγὸς πολλάκις πρὸς νέον, καὶ πρὸς θεράπαιναν ἐποίησε δέσποινα· καὶ ἀνάγκη τῆς ἑσπέρας καταλαβούσης, καὶ τοῦ ἔργου μὴ πληρωθέντος ἢ λιμῷ διαφθαρῆναι τοὺς οὐκ ἀνύσαντας, ἢ ἐπιορκῆσαι πάντως τοὺς ὀμόσαντας. Πολλάκις καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας ἀριστοποιουμένων ἡμῶν, καὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν τινος διαμαρτάνοντος, ὤμοσε μαστιγώσειν ἡ γυνή· ἀντώμοσεν ὁ ἀνὴρ τὰ ἐναντία, καὶ ἀνέστη φιλονεικῶν καὶ οὐκ ἐπιτρέπων. Ἐνταῦθα κἂν ὁτιοῦν ποιήσωσιν, ἀνάγκη πάντως ἐπιορκίαν συστῆναι· ὅπερ γὰρ ἂν γένηται, θάτερος αὐτῶν ἐπιορκίᾳ ἁλώσεται, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀμφότεροι πάντως· καὶ πῶς, ἐγὼ λέγω· τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι τὸ παράδοξον. Ὁ ὀμόσας μαστιγώσειν τὸν οἰκέτην ἢ τὴν θεραπαινίδα, εἶτα κωλυθεὶς, αὐτός τε ἐπιώρκησε μὴ ποιήσας ὅπερ ὤμοσε, καὶ τῷ κωλύσαντι πάλαι καὶ διακόψαντι τὴν εὐορκίαν, τὸ ἔγκλημα τῆς ἐπιορκίας περιέστησεν. Οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἐπιορκοῦντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ ἑτέροις τὴν ἀνάγκην ταύτην ἐφιστῶντες, ὑπεύθυνοι τῶν αὐτῶν ἐγκλημάτων εἰσί. Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄτοπον, οἰκέτην μὲν μὴ τολμᾷν ἐξ ὀνόματος τὸν δεσπότην τὸν ἑαυτοῦ καλεῖν, μηδὲ ἁπλῶς καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε, τὸν δὲ τῶν ἀγγέλων ∆εσπότην ἁπλῶς καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς καταφρονήσεως πανταχοῦ περιφέρειν; Βούλει μαθεῖν πῶς δυνατὸν ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς πονηρᾶς συνηθείας τοῦ ὅρκου; ἐγώ σε διδάξω τρόπον τινὰ, ὃν ἂν ποιήσῃς, περιέσῃ πάντως. Ὅταν γὰρ ἴδῃς σαυτὸν ἢ καὶ ἑτέρους τινὰς ἁλόντας τῷ κακῷ τούτῳ πάθει, καὶ συνεχῶς ὑπομνησθέντας, καὶ οὐ διορθώσαντας, κέλευσον μὴ δειπνήσαντας καθευδῆσαι· καὶ ταύτην καὶ σαυτῷ κἀκείνοις τὴν καταδίκην ἐπίθες· καταδίκην οὐ ζημίαν, ἀλλὰ κέρδος φέρουσαν. Ἡ γὰρ γλῶσσα οὕτω βασανιζομένη διηνεκῶς, καὶ μηδενὸς ὑπομιμνήσκοντος, ἱκανὴν λαμβάνει παράκλησιν· καὶ κἂν ἁπάντων ὦμεν ἀναισθητότεροι, διὰ πάσης ἡμέρας τῷ μεγέθει τῆς βασάνου ταύτης ὑπομιμνησκόμενοι, οὐ δεηθησόμεθα συμβουλῆς ἑτέρας καὶ παραινέσεως. Ὥσπερ γὰρ, φησὶν, οἰκέτης ἐνδελεχῶς ἐξεταζόμενος, ἀπὸ μώλωπος οὐ καθαρισθήσεται· οὕτως ὁ ὀμνύων καὶ ὀνομάζων διαπαντὸς τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀπὸ ἁμαρτίας οὐ καθαρισθήσεται. Πείσωμεν τοίνυν ἑαυτοὺς τὴν τῶν ὅρκων φυγεῖν συνήθειαν, καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον ποιήσασθαι μεταβολήν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ χθὲς καὶ πρὸ ἐκείνης περὶ ταύτης ὑμῖν διελέχθην τῆς ὑποθέσεως, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ σήμερον ἀποστήσομαι, οὐδὲ τὴν ἐπιοῦσαν, οὐδὲ τὴν μετ' ἐκείνην, ταῦτα συμβουλεύων. Καὶ τί λέγω τὴν αὔριον καὶ τὴν μετ' ἐκείνην; ἕως ἂν ὑμᾶς ἴδω κατορθώσαντας, οὐκ ἀφέξομαι. Τὸ γὰρ συνεχῶς περὶ τὼν αὐτῶν ὑπομιμνήσκειν, οὐ τοῦ λέγοντος, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀκουόντων ἐστὶν ἔγκλημα διηνεκοῦς δεομένων διδασκαλίας. Τί γὰρ εὐκολώτερον τοῦ μὴ ὀμνύναι; Συνήθειά ἐστι τὸ κατόρθωμα μόνον, οὐκ ἔστι πόνος σώματος. Ὁ προλαβὼν καὶ κατορθώσας ὀνειδιζέτω τῷ λειπομένῳ, ἵνα αὐτὸν τοῖς σκώμμασι διεγείρῃ πλέον· ὁ ὑστερήσας καὶ μηδέπω κατωρθωκὼς βλεπέτω τὸν προλαβόντα, καὶ φιλονεικείτω φθάσαι πρὸς ἐκεῖνον ταχέως. Καὶ μή μοι λεγέτω τις· Τί δὲ, ἐὰν ἀνάγκην ὅρκων τις ἡμῖν ἐπιθῇ; τί δὲ, ἐὰν μὴ πιστεύῃ; Μάλιστα μὲν οὖν, ὅπου παραβαίνεται νόμος, ἀνάγκης μεμνῆσθαι οὐ χρή· μία γάρ ἐστιν ἀνάγκη ἀπαραίτητος, τὸ μὴ προσκροῦσαι Θεῷ· πλὴν ἐκεῖνα λέγω τέως, τοὺς περιττοὺς περικόψωμεν ὅρκους, τοὺς ἁπλῶς καὶ χωρὶς ἀνάγκης, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς οἰκίας, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν φίλων, τοὺς ἐπὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν· κἂν τούτους ἀνέλῃς, ἐν ἐκείνοις οὐδὲν ἐμοῦ δεήσῃ λοιπόν· αὐτὸ γὰρ τὸ στόμα μελετῆσαν δεδοικέναι καὶ φεύγειν τοὺς ὅρκους, οὐδ' ἂν μυριάκις ἀναγκάσῃ τις, καταδέξεται λοιπὸν εἰς ἐκείνην ἐμπεσεῖν τὴν συνήθειαν. Λέγεταί τις τῶν ἔξωθεν ῥητόρων ὑπό τινος συνηθείας ἀλόγου τὸν δεξιὸν συνεχῶς ὦμον κινεῖν βαδίζων· ἀλλ' ὅμως περιεγένετο τῆς συνηθείας, καὶ μαχαίρας ἀκονήσας ἑκατέρωθεν ἐπέθηκε τοῖς ὤμοις, ὥστε τῷ φόβῳ τῆς τομῆς σωφρονίσαι τὸ μέλος κινούμενον. Τοῦτο καὶ σὺ ποίησον ἐπὶ τῆς γλώττης, καὶ ἀντὶ μαχαίρας ἐπίθες αὐτῇ τὸν φόβον τῆς κολάσεως· καὶ περιέσῃ πάντως. Ἀμήχανον γὰρ, ἀμήχανον μεριμνῶντας καὶ σπουδάζοντας, καὶ ἔργον τοῦτο ποιουμένους ἡττηθῆναί ποτε. Ποία γὰρ ἡμῖν ἀπολογία λοιπὸν ἔσται, τίς δὲ συγγνώμη, ὅταν μετὰ τοσαύτην παραίνεσιν, τοῖς ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρκων κακοῖς ἐπιμένωμεν; πῶς οὖν αἰτησόμεθα ἀπαλλαγὴν τῶν κατεχόντων ἡμᾶς δεινῶν, μίαν ἐντολὴν ἀνῦσαι μὴ δυνηθέντες; Πῶς δὲ προσδοκήσομεν τὴν χρηστὴν μεταβολήν; πῶς δὲ εὐξόμεθα; ποίᾳ γλώττῃ τὸν Θεὸν καλέσομεν; Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἄτοπον, βασιλέως μὲν ἐπιτάττοντος, καὶ τὰ χαλεπώτατα φέρειν· Θεοῦ δὲ νομοθετοῦντος οὐδὲν χαλεπὸν οὐδὲ δύσκολον, καταφρονεῖν, καὶ συνήθειαν πονηρὰν προβάλλεσθαι; Μὴ, παρακαλῶ, μὴ μέχρι τοσούτου τῆς ἑαυτῶν καταφρονῶμεν σωτηρίας· φοβηθῶμεν τὸν Θεὸν ὡς φοβούμεθα ἄνθρωπον. Ἄτοπον γὰρ τοὺς βασιλικοὺς νόμους μετὰ ἀκριβείας φυλάττειν, τοὺς δὲ θείους καὶ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν καταβάντας ἀλόγως καταφρονεῖν. Τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν ὁ Θεὸς οὐ τὸν ὀμόσαντα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν οἰκίαν αὐτοῦ τῇ δρεπάνῃ καταλύει; Ὅτι τῶν χαλεπωτάτων ἁμαρτημάτων τὰς τιμωρίας βούλεται μένειν ὁ Θεὸς διηνεκεῖς, ὥστε τοὺς μετὰ ταῦτα σωφρονίζεσθαι πάντας. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν ἐπίορκον ἀποθανόντα ἀνάγκη ταφῆναι, καὶ τοῖς κόλποις παραδοθῆναι τῆς γῆς. Ὥστε οὖν μὴ τῷ σώματι καὶ τὴν πονηρίαν αὐτῷ συνταφῆναι, τὴν οἰκίαν ἐποίησε χῶμα, ὑπὲρ τοῦ τοὺς παριόντας ἅπαντας ὁρῶντας αὐτῶν, καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν μανθάνοντας τῆς καταστροφῆς, φεύγειν τὴν τῆς ἁμαρτίας μίμησιν. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Σοδόμων ἐγένετο· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐξεκαύθησαν ἐν τῇ ὀρέξει αὐτῶν εἰς ἀλλήλους, ἐξεκαύθη καὶ ἡ τῆς γῆς φύσις, καὶ φωνῆς ἁπάσης λαμπρότερον πάσαις ταῖς μετὰ ταῦτα παραινεῖ γενεαῖς ἡ τῆς γῆς ὄψις, μονονουχὶ βοῶσα καὶ λέγουσα· Μὴ ποιεῖτε τοιαῦτα, ἵνα μὴ πάθητε τοιαῦτα. Τί ποιεῖς, ἄνθρωπε; ἐπὶ τραπέζης ὁρκίζεις ἱερᾶς, καὶ ἔνθα ὁ Χριστὸς κεῖται τεθυμένος, ἐκεῖ τὸν ἀδελφὸν καταθύεις τὸν σόν; Καὶ οἱ μὲν λῃσταὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ὁδῶν θύουσι· σὺ δὲ ἔμπροσθεν τῆς μητρὸς τὸν υἱὸν καταθύεις, ἐναγέστερον τοῦ Κάϊν ἐργαζόμενος φόνον; ἐκεῖνος μὲν γὰρ ἔθυσε τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐπὶ τῆς ἐρημίας κατὰ τὸν παρόντα θάνατον· σὺ δὲ θύεις τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἐν μέσῳ τῆς ἐκκλησίας κατὰ τὸν μέλλοντα θάνατον; Μὴ γὰρ ἐκκλησία διὰ τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα ὀμνύωμεν; διὰ τοῦτο γέγονεν, ἵνα εὐχώμεθα. Μὴ γὰρ τράπεζα διὰ τοῦτο ἕστηκεν ἱερὰ, ἵνα ὁρκίζωμεν; διὰ τοῦτο ἕστηκεν, ἵνα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἡμῶν λύωμεν, οὐχ ἵνα δεσμῶμεν. Σὺ δὲ, εἰ μηδὲν ἕτερον, αὐτὸ γοῦν τὸ βιβλίον αἰδέσθητι, ὃ προτείνεις εἰς ὅρκον, καὶ τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, ὃ μετὰ χεῖρας λαμβάνων κελεύεις ὀμνύναι, ἀναπτύξας καὶ ἀκούσας τί περὶ ὅρκων ὁ Χριστὸς ἐκεῖ διακελεύεται, φρίξον καὶ ἀπόστηθι. Τί οὖν ἐκεῖ περὶ ὅρκων φησίν; Ἐγὼ δὲ λέγω ὑμῖν μὴ ὀμόσαι ὅλως· σὺ δὲ τὸν νόμον τὸν κωλύοντα ὀμνύναι, τοῦτον ὅρκον ποιεῖς; Ὢ τῆς ὕβρεως! ὢ τῆς παρανομίας! ταὐτὸν γὰρ ποιεῖς, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις τὸν νομοθέτην τὸν κωλύοντα φονεύειν, αὐτὸν σύμμαχον λαβὼν κελεύει σφαγέα γενέσθαι. Καθάπερ οὖν μάχης γενομένης, πολλάκις ὑβριζόμενοι φέρομεν γενναίως, καὶ πρὸς τὸν ὑβρίζοντα λέγομεν· Τί σοι ποιήσω; ὁ δεῖνά με ἐλύπησεν ὁ προστάτης ὁ σός· ἐκεῖνός μου κατέχει τὰς χεῖρας· καὶ ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο εἰς παραμυθίαν· οὕτω καὶ, ἐπειδὰν μέλλῃς τινὰ ὁρκίζειν, ἔπεχε σαυτὸν καὶ κώλυσον, καὶ εἰπὲ πρὸς τὸν μέλλοντα ὀμνύναι· Τί σοι ποιήσω; ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἐκέλευσε μὴ ὀμνύειν, μήτε ὁρκίζειν· ἐκεῖνός με κατέχει νῦν. Ἀρκεῖ τοῦτο καὶ εἰς τιμὴν τοῦ νομοθετήσαντος, καὶ εἰς ἀσφάλειαν τὴν σὴν, καὶ εἰς φόβον τοῦ μέλλοντος ὀμνύναι. ∆ότε μοι τοίνυν τοὺς ἐντεῦθεν ἀφικνουμένους λέγειν, ὅτι ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ, τοῦτο οὐδαμοῦ τῶν πόλεων ἔστιν ἰδεῖν. Ἕλοιντο γὰρ ἂν ἄνθρωποι οἱ τὴν πόλιν οἰκοῦντες ἐκείνην τὴν γλῶτταν ἀποκοπῆναι πρότερον, ἢ ὅρκον ἀπὸ τοῦ στόματος προέσθαι. Εἰ γὰρ ἕνα τις ἢ δύο κερδάνας, τοσοῦτον λήψεται παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν μισθὸν, οἱ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἅπασαν παιδεύοντες, πόσας οὐ λήψονται τὰς ἀμοιβάς; Ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς συνηθείας ὁρμᾷ πολλάκις ἡ γλῶττα τὸ πονηρὸν ἐκεῖνο φθέγξασθαι ῥῆμα. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὰν ὁρμήσῃ, πρὶν ἢ τὸ ῥῆμα ἐξενεγκεῖν, κατάδακε τοῖς ὀδοῦσιν αὐτὴν πάντοθεν σφοδρῶς· βέλτιον γὰρ αὐτὴν αἷμα ῥέειν νῦν, ἢ τότε σταγόνος ὕδατος ἐπιθυμοῦσαν μὴ δυνηθῆναι τῆς παραμυθίας τυχεῖν. Τί ποιεῖς, ἄνθρωπε, τὸν εὐεργέτην καὶ σωτῆρα καὶ προστάτην καὶ κηδεμόνα βλασφημῶν; Ἢ οὐκ αἰσθάνῃ κατὰ κρημνοῦ φερόμενος, καὶ εἰς βάραθρον σαυτὸν ἐμβάλλων ἀπωλείας ἐσχάτης; Μὴ γὰρ, ἐὰν βλασφημήσῃς, κουφότερον τὸ πρᾶγμα ποιεῖς; ἐπιτείνεις μὲν οὖν αὐτὸ, καὶ χαλεπωτέραν ἐργάζῃ τὴν ὀδύνην. ∆ιὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ὁ διάβολος μυρία ἐπάγει δεινὰ, ἵνα εἰς ἐκεῖνό σε καταγάγῃ τὸ βάραθρον· κἂν μὲν ἴδῃ βλασφημοῦντα ὁ διάβολος, ῥᾳδίως αὔξει τὴν ἀλγηδόνα καὶ μείζω ποιεῖ, ἵνα κεντούμενος ἀποδυσπετήσῃς πάλιν· εἰ δὲ ἴδῃ γενναίως φέροντα, καὶ ὅσῳ τὸ πάθος ἐπιτείνεται, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον εὐχαριστοῦντα τῷ Θεῷ, εὐθέως ἀφίσταται, ὡς εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην ἐφεδρεύων λοιπόν. Καὶ καθάπερ κύων τραπέζῃ παρεστηκὼς, ἂν μὲν ἴδῃ τὸν ἐσθίοντα ἄνθρωπον συνεχῶς αὐτῷ ῥίπτοντα τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης τι παρακειμένων, μένει διηνεκῶς· ἂν δὲ ἅπαξ καὶ δεύτερον παραστὰς μηδὲν ἀπέλθῃ λαβὼν, ἀφίσταται λοιπὸν, ἅτε εἰκῆ προσεδρεύων καὶ μάτην· οὕτω καὶ ὁ διάβολος συνεχῶς κέχηνε πρὸς ἡμᾶς· ἂν ῥίψῃς αὐτῷ καθάπερ κυνὶ ῥῆμα βλάσφημον, δεξάμενος πάλιν ἐπιθήσεται· ἐὰν δὲ μείνῃς εὐχαριστῶν, ἀπέπνιξας αὐτὸν τῷ λιμῷ, καὶ ταχέως αὐτὸν ἀπήγαγες καὶ ἀποπηδῆσαι ἐποίησας. Καὶ ὅτι ταῦτα τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον, ἱστορίαν ὑμῖν ἐρῶ παλαιάν. Ἐπελθόντων ποτὲ πολεμίων τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, καὶ τοῦ Ἰωνάθαν (υἱὸς δὲ ἦν τοῦ Σαοὺλ οὗτος) τοὺς μὲν κατακόψαντος, τοὺς δὲ εἰς φυγὴν ἐμβαλόντος, βουλόμενος ὁ Σαοὺλ ὁ τούτου πατὴρ μειζόνως κατὰ τῶν ὑπολειφθέντων τὸ στρατόπεδον διεγεῖραι, καὶ ποιῆσαι μὴ πρότερον ἀποστῆναι, ἕως ἂν πάντας χειρώσωνται, τοὐναντίον ἤπερ ἠθέλησεν ἔπραξεν, ὀμόσας μηδένα φαγεῖν ἄρτον, ἕως ἐκδικήσεως τῶν ἐχθρῶν αὐτοῦ. Ἄρα τί τούτου γένοιτ' ἂν ἀνοητότερον; πεπονηκότας γὰρ καὶ κατακοπέντας στρατιώτας ὀφείλων διαναπαῦσαι, καὶ νεαρωτέρους ἐπαφεῖναι τοῖς πολεμίοις, τῶν πολεμίων αὐτῶν χαλεπώτερον ἀπειργάσατο, διὰ τῆς ἀνάγκης τοῦ ὅρκου λιμῷ παραδοὺς αὐτοὺς χαλεπωτάτῳ. Σφαλερὸν μὲν οὖν καὶ τὸ περὶ ἑαυτοῦ τινα ὀμνύναι· πολλὰ γὰρ ὑπὸ τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων περιστάσεως ἐμποδιζόμεθα· τὸ δὲ καὶ τὴν ἑτέρων γνώμην τῇ τῶν οἰκείων ὅρκων ἀνάγκῃ καταδῆσαι, πολλῷ σφαλερώτερον· ὅπερ ὁ Σαοὺλ τότε ἀπερισκέπτως ἐποίησε. ∆ρυμῶνα παρῄει τὸ στρατόπεδον, μελισσῶνα ἔχοντα, καὶ ὁ μελισσὼν κατὰ πρόσωπον τοῦ λαοῦ· καὶ εἰσῆλθεν ὁ λαὸς εἰς τὸν μελισσῶνα, καὶ διεπορεύετο λαλῶν. Εἶδες οἷον τὸ βάραθρον; τράπεζα ἐσχεδιασμένη, ἵνα καὶ τὸ εὔκολον τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως, καὶ τὸ ἡδὺ τῆς τροφῆς, καὶ ἡ τοῦ λήσεσθαι ἐλπὶς εἰς τὴν παράβασιν αὐτοὺς προσκαλέσηται τῶν ὅρκων. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Ἰωνάθαν οὐκ ἀκούσας ἐν τῷ ὁρκίζειν τὸν πατέρα αὐτοῦ, ἐξέτεινε τὸ ἄκρον τοῦ σκήπτρου τοῦ ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐβάπτισεν εἰς τὸ κηρίον τοῦ μέλιτος, καὶ ἐπέστρεψε τὴν χεῖρα αὐτοῦ ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνέβλεψαν οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ αὐτοῦ. Ὅρα τίνα ὁ πονηρὸς πρὸς τὴν ἐπιορκίαν ὤθησεν· οὐχ ἕνα τῶν στρατιωτῶν, ἀλλ' αὐτὸν τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ὀμωμοκότος βασιλέως. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπιορκίαν ἐργάσασθαι ἐβούλετο μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ παιδοκτονίαν κατεσκεύαζε, καὶ τὴν φύσιν αὐτὴν καθ' ἑαυτῆς σχίσαι ἠπείγετο· καὶ ὅπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἰεφθάε ποτὲ ἐποίησε, τοῦτο καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ποιήσειν ἤλπιζε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ὑποσχόμενος τῷ Θεῷ τὸν πρῶτον ἀπαντήσοντα αὐτῷ μετὰ τὴν τοῦ πολέμου νίκην κατασφάξειν, εἰς παιδοκτονίαν ἐνέπεσε· τὸ γὰρ θυγάτριον πρῶτον ἀπαντῆσαν αὐτῷ κατέθυσε. Καὶ τί λέγω παιδοκτονίαν; ἐπενόησε γὰρ ὁ πονηρὸς καὶ τούτου πάλιν ἐναγέστερον φόνον εὑρεῖν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ εἰδὼς ἥμαρτε καὶ ἐσφάγη, παιδοκτονία μόνον τὸ γινόμενον ἦν· νυνὶ δὲ ἐξ ἀγνοίας ἁμαρτὼν (οὐδὲ γὰρ ἤκουσε τῶν ὅρκων), εἶτα ἀναιρεθεὶς, διπλοῦν ἂν ἐποίησε τῷ πατρὶ τὸ ἄλγος. Εἶτα ἰδὼν, φησὶ, τὶς τῶν στρατιωτῶν, λέγει· Ὁρκώσας ὥρκωσεν ὁ πατήρ σου τὸν λαὸν, ὃς φάγεται ἄρτον σήμερον· καὶ ἐξελύθη ὁ λαός. Καὶ εἶπεν Ἰωνάθαν, Ἀπώλεσε καὶ διέφθειρεν ὁ πατήρ μου ἅπαντας. Παραβαθέντος τοίνυν τοῦ ὅρκου πάντες ἐσίγων, καὶ οὐδεὶς τὸν ὑπεύθυνον εἰς μέσον ἀγαγεῖν ἐτόλμα. Οὐ μικρὸν δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἔγκλημα λοιπὸν ἐγίνετο· οὐ γὰρ οἱ ἐπιορκοῦντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ συνειδότες καὶ περιστέλλοντες κοινωνοῦσι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἱερεὺς, Προσέλθωμεν πρὸς τὸν Θεόν. Καὶ ἐπηρώτησε Σαοὺλ τὸν Θεὸν, Εἰ καταβῶ ὀπίσω τῶν ἀλλοφύλων, καὶ εἰ παραδώσεις αὐτοὺς εἰς χεῖράς μου; καὶ οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ ὁ Κύριος. Ὅρα πραότητα καὶ ἐπιείκειαν τοῦ φιλανθρώπου Θεοῦ· οὐ γὰρ σκηπτὸν ἀφῆκεν, οὐδὲ τὴν γῆν ἔσεισεν, ἀλλ' ὅπερ φίλοι πρὸς φίλους ποιοῦσιν, ἐπειδὰν ὑβρισθῶσι, τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν δοῦλον ὁ ∆εσπότης ἐποίησε. Καὶ εἶπε Σαούλ· Προσαγάγετε τὰς φυλὰς τοῦ λαοῦ, καὶ ἴδετε ἐν τίνι γέγονεν ἡ ἁμαρτία αὕτη σήμερον· ὅτι ζῇ Κύριος ὁ σώσας τὸν Ἰσραὴλ, ὅτι ἐὰν ἀποκριθῇ κατὰ Ἰωνάθαν τοῦ υἱοῦ μου, θανάτῳ ἀποθανεῖται. Καὶ οὔπω τοῦ ἡμαρτηκότος φανέντος, τὴν κρίσιν πεποίηται, καὶ τὸν ἁλόντα οὐκ εἰδὼς ἀπεφήνατο, καὶ ὁ πατὴρ ἐγένετο δήμιος, καὶ πρὸ τῆς ἐξετάσεως τὴν καταδικάζουσαν ψῆφον ἐξήνεγκε. Καὶ τί δεῖ τὰ πολλὰ λέγειν; κλήρῳ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐπέτρεψε. Καὶ εἶπε Σαοὺλ, Βάλετε κλῆρον ἀνὰ μέσον ἐμοῦ καὶ Ἰωνάθαν. Καὶ εἶπε Σαοὺλ πρὸς Ἰωνάθαν, Ἀπάγγειλον δή μοι τί ἐποίησας, Καὶ εἶπεν Ἰωνάθαν, Γευσάμενος ἐγευσάμην ἐν ἄκρῳ τῷ σκήπτρῳ τῷ ἐν τῇ χειρί μου μικροῦ μέλιτος, καὶ ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἀποθνήσκω. Τίνα οὐκ ἂν ἔκαμψε, τίνα οὐκ ἂν εἰς οἶκτον ἤνεγκε ταῦτα τὰ ῥήματα· Ἐννόησον ὅσον χειμῶνα λοιπὸν ὁ Σαοὺλ ὑπέμεινε, τῶν σπλάγχνων αὐτῷ διακοπτομένων, καὶ ἑκατέρωθεν βαθυτάτου κρημνοῦ φερομένου. Καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐσωφρονίζετο, ἀλλὰ τί φησι; Τάδε ποιήσαι μοι ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ τάδε προσθείη, ὅτι θανάτῳ ἀποθανῇ σήμερον. Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Σαούλ· Τάδε ποιήσαι ἡμῖν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ τάδε προσθείη, εἰ θανάτῳ θανατωθήσεται ὁ ποιήσας τὴν σωτηρίαν τὴν μεγάλην τῷ Ἰσραήλ· ζῇ Κύριος, εἰ πεσεῖται τῆς τριχὸς τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, ὅτι ἔλεον Θεοῦ ἐποίησεν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταύτῃ. Ἰδοὺ καὶ ὁ δῆμος δεύτερον ὤμοσε, καὶ ἀντώμοσε τῷ βασιλεῖ. Ἀνάγκη λοιπὸν διαῤῥαγῆναι τὸν ὅρκον· πάντας γὰρ εὐορκῆσαι τούτους ἀδύνατον. Εἰ γὰρ ἠθέλησεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ἀντιστῆναι καὶ ἐπεξελθεῖν τῷ ὅρκῳ, πᾶς ὁ δῆμος ἀντέστη, καὶ τυραννὶς ἂν ἐγένετο χαλεπωτάτη· πάλιν εἰ ἠθέλησεν ὁ παῖς τῆς οἰκείας φειδόμενος σωτηρίας δοῦναι ἑαυτὸν τῷ στρατοπέδῳ, πατροκτόνος εὐθέως ἂν ἐγένετο. Ὁρᾷς καὶ τυραννίδα καὶ παιδοκτονίαν καὶ πατροκτονίαν καὶ πόλεμον ἐμφύλιον καὶ μάχην καὶ σφαγὰς καὶ αἵματα καὶ μυρίους νεκροὺς ἀφ' ἑνὸς ὅρκου κειμένους; εἶδες ὁποῖον ὅρκος τῆς ἀπωλείας τὸ βάραθρον κατεσκεύασεν; Ἵν' οὖν μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τὰ παραπλήσια ἐκείνοις πεισώμεθα, ἀποστῶμεν τῆς πονηρᾶς τῶν ὅρκων συνηθείας, ὡς ἂν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν εὔνοιαν ἐντεῦθεν ἐπισπασάμενοι, καὶ τὸν παρόντα βίον ἀσφαλῶς διανύσωμεν, καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος, σὺν τῷ Πατρὶ καὶ τῷ παναγίῳ Πνεύματι, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.

Isidore of Pelusium, Ep. lib. 1, Epist. 155.

Isidore of Pelusium, Ep. lib. 1, Epist. 155.

Written c. 430-450

Source: [PG 78: 285-288] Translation mine.

155 – To Theophilus Nauclero

On not demanding an oath

If you are of our flock, and are ordered under the good shepherd, deny the nature of wild beasts, and follow his voice that orders “Do not swear at all.” 

But, not to swear is also not to demand an oath of another. 

Now, should you wish not to swear, neither should you demand an oath of another, for two causes; either because the one who is asked proves true, or on the contrary they lie: If this one usually speaks the truth, they will absolutely speak truth before an oath; but if they are a liar, with lies they will swear. 

Therefore, it is not necessary to demand an oath from either.

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Greek

Latin

ΠΝΕ. - ΘΕΟΦΙΛῼ ΝΑΥΚΛΗΡῼ Περί τοῦ μὴ ὁρκίζειν.  Εἰ τῆς ἡμετέρας ὑπάρχεις ἀγέλης, καὶ ὑπὸ τὸν καλὸν τάττῃ ποιμένα, τἠν τῶν θηρίων φύσιν καί ὁμοίωσιν ἅρνησαι, καί τῇ φωνῇ αὐτοῦ ἀκολούθησον, μὴ ὀμόσαι ὅλως κελεύοντος. Τὸ δὲ μὴ ὀμόσαι, μηδὲ ἀπαιτῆσαι ὅρκον ἐστίν. Εἰ γἀρ μὴ βούλει ὀμόσαι, μηδὲ παρʹ ἑτέρων ὅρκον ἀπαίτει διὰ δύο ταύτας αἰτίας· ἢ τὸ ἐπαληθεύειν τὸν ἐπερωτώμενον, ἢ τὸ ἐναντίον τὸ ψεύδεσθαι. Εἰ γἀρ ἀληθεύει συνήθως ό ἄνθρωπος, καὶ πρὸ τοῦ ὅρκον πάντως ἀληθεύει· εἰ δὲ ψεύστης ἐστὶ, καὶ ὀμνύων ψεύδεται. Οὐ χρή οὖν ὅρκον ἀπαιτεῖν διʹ ἀμφότερα.

CLV. - THEOPHILO NAUCLERO De non extorquendo juramento. Si nostri gregis es, ac sub bono illo pastore censeris, ferarum naturum ac similitudinem abjura, atque ipsius voci obtempera, qui, ne omnino jures, prohibet. Porro non jurare, ne jusjurandum quidem ab alio exigere est. Nam si jurare minime vis, ne ab aliis quidem, ut jurent, extorque, idque duplici de causa: nimirum aut quia very studiosus est qui interrogator; aut contra, quia libenter mentitur. Si enim ille vera loqui solet, omnino etiam nullo interposito jurejurando vera loquentur: si autem mendax est, jurans etiam mentietur. Quapropter duplici hoc nomine jusjurandum haudquaquam exigendum est.

John of Damascus, Sacred Parallels, O.11 [English]

John of Damascus, Sacred Parallels, O.11

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Sacred Parallels, O.11

Traditionally ascribed to John of Damascus, though some have questioned the attribution. Written 8th century in Greek. Extant only in redacted recensions. For a similar Greek florilegium, see Sermon 33 of the 10th century Pseudo-Maximus the Confessor, Loci Communes, found in PG 91: 892-893.

Source: [PG 96: 219-221][1]

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Concerning those who willingly take an oath; and that one should not swear.[2]

“You shall not take the name of God in vain. For the Lord will never acquit the one who takes his name in vain.”[3]

“You shall not swear by my name in an unjust matter.”[4]

“Stop swearing by the living Lord.”[5]

“Do not accustom your mouth to an oath, and do not become used to the naming of the Holy One. For just as a domestic who is scrutinized will not be wanting for a bruise, so also he who swears and speaks the name will never be cleansed from sin.”[6]

“I say to you, Do not swear at all, either by heaven, for it is the throne of God, or by the earth, for it is his footstool, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. And do not swear by your head, for you cannot make one hair white or black. Let your word be ‘Yes, Yes’ or ‘No, No’; anything more than this comes from the evil one.”[7]

“Whoever swears by the altar, swears by it and by everything on it; and whoever swears by the sanctuary, swears by it and by the one who dwells in it; and whoever swears by heaven, swears by the throne of God and by the one who is seated upon it.”[8]

“Above all, my brothers, do not swear, either by heaven or by earth or by any other oath, but let your “Yes” be yes and your “No” be no, so that you may not fall under condemnation.”[9]

“To swear is not useful, but very pernicious; a detestable thing to be abhorred. From now on cease to swear, nor even will that your tongue become accustomed to oaths.”[10]

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[1] Recensiones secundum alphabeti litteras dispositae, quae tres libros conflant (fragmenta e cod. Vat. gr. 1236). Translation is my own, using the New English Translation of the Septuagint [NETS] for Old Testament quotations, and the New Revised Standard Version [NRSV] for New Testament quotations, editing where necessary to correspond to the text in Migne.

[2] Περὶ τῶν τοὺς ὅρκους στεργόντων· καὶ ὅτι οὐ χρὴ ὀμνύειν. My own translation.

[3] Exod. 20:7 [NETS] – The text of Sacra Parallela has removed [the Lord your] from the following: the name of [the Lord your] God.

[4] Lev. 19:12a [NETS]

[5] Hos. 4:15e [NETS]

[6] Sir. 23:9-10 [NETS] – The text of Sacra Parallela has removed the idea of “continually” swearing.

[7] Matt 5:34-37 [NRSV]

[8] Matt 23:20-21 [NRSV]

[9] Jas 5:12 [NRSV]

[10] Οὐκ ἔστιν ὠφέλιμον τὸ ὀμνύειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα βλαβερὸν, καὶ ἐπάρατον, καὶ ἐβδελυγμένον. Πέπαυσο λοιπὸν τοῦ ὀμνύειν· μὴ βούλου τὴν ἑαυτοῦ γλῶσσαν πρὸς τοὺς ὅρκους ἐθίζειν. My own Translation. Attributed to Saint Nilus of Sinai by the Migne editors, in an unknown work.